An official website of the United States governmentS-Adenosyl-L-Methionine (SAMe): In Depth
What’s the Bottom Line?
How much do we know about SAMe?
Research has evaluated several potential uses of SAMe, and a substantial number of studies on depression and liver diseases have been completed. However, some of the studies used injected SAMe, which may not have the same effects as SAMe taken as a dietary supplement.
What do we know about the effectiveness of SAMe?
SAMe has been studied primarily for depression, osteoarthritis, and liver diseases. Although there are hints that it might be helpful for these conditions, the evidence is not conclusive.
What do we know about the safety of SAMe?
- Data on the long-term safety of SAMe and its safety for use during pregnancy are too limited to draw any conclusions.
- SAMe may not be safe for people with bipolar disorder.
- SAMe may interact with some medicines or other dietary supplements.
- There’s theoretical reason to believe that taking SAMe may promote Pneumocystis infection in people who are immunocompromised, such as those who are HIV-positive.
What Is SAMe?
S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (also called S-adenosyl methionine, S-adenosylmethionine, SAMe, or SAM-e in the United States or ademetionine in Europe, and also often abbreviated as SAM and AdoMet) is a chemical that is found naturally in the body. SAMe is sold in the United States as a dietary supplement.
SAMe was discovered in the early 1950s. It’s made in the body from methionine, an amino acid found in foods. It has been found to regulate key functions in living cells.
Abnormal levels of SAMe in the body have been reported in liver diseases and depression. This prompted researchers to investigate whether SAMe might be helpful in treating these conditions. The idea that SAMe might be helpful for osteoarthritis came from studies of SAMe for depression. Some of the participants in the depression studies who also had osteoarthritis said their joint symptoms improved when they took SAMe.
What the Science Says About the Effectiveness of SAMe
SAMe has been investigated most extensively for depression, osteoarthritis, and liver diseases. For all three conditions, research has not conclusively shown that SAMe is helpful.
Depression
Overall, the evidence that oral SAMe may be helpful for depression is not conclusive.
At least 40 studies in people have evaluated SAMe for depression, and many of them showed evidence of beneficial effects. However, most of these trials lasted only a few weeks, included a small number of participants, and were not of the highest scientific quality. Also, some studies used injected SAMe rather than an oral form (taken by mouth).
Osteoarthritis
The results of research on SAMe for osteoarthritis are mixed.
Studies in people have compared oral SAMe with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs; medicines used to relieve osteoarthritis pain) or placebos (inactive substances) in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee or hip.
- In general, studies that compared SAMe with NSAIDs showed that each had similar pain relief and improvement in joint function, with fewer side effects in the patients taking SAMe.
- The smaller number of studies that compared SAMe with placebo did not consistently show SAMe to be beneficial.
Liver Diseases
There’s some evidence linking decreased levels of SAMe in the body with the development of liver diseases, and animal studies have suggested that SAMe may be of value for liver problems. However, whether SAMe is beneficial for liver diseases in people has not been established.
- Cholestasis is a condition in which the flow of bile from the liver is slowed or blocked. Several studies have evaluated SAMe for a type of cholestasis called intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP). ICP usually occurs during the third trimester of pregnancy and has itching as a characteristic symptom. The studies had conflicting results, and current data are insufficient to show whether SAMe is helpful for ICP.
- SAMe has also been studied for other liver diseases, including alcoholic liver cirrhosis, hepatitis C, various types of cholestasis, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, as well as for the prevention of liver cancer, but research is inconclusive.
Other Conditions
SAMe has also been studied for other conditions, including fibromyalgia, migraine, schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, but there isn’t enough evidence to reach conclusions about its effects in these conditions. A trial of SAMe as a quit-smoking aid showed that it didn’t increase the quit rate or reduce withdrawal symptoms.
Safety and Side Effects of SAMe
- Information on the long-term safety of SAMe is limited because the participants in most studies took it only for short periods of time. However, in one study of alcohol-related liver disease, participants took SAMe for 2 years; in that study, no serious side effects were reported.
- People with bipolar disorder (an illness characterized by mood swings, from depression to mania) should not take SAMe for their depressive symptoms except under the supervision of a health care provider because SAMe may worsen symptoms of mania.
- Although SAMe has been used to treat cholestasis during pregnancy, its safety during pregnancy has not been established.
- SAMe may decrease the effects of levodopa (L-dopa), a drug used to treat Parkinson’s disease. It’s also possible that SAMe might interact with drugs and dietary supplements that increase levels of serotonin (a chemical produced by nerve cells), such as antidepressants, L-tryptophan, and St. John’s wort.
- There’s a theoretical concern about the use of SAMe by people who are immunocompromised (such as those who are HIV-positive). Immunocompromised people are at risk for Pneumocystis carinii infection, and SAMe enhances the growth of this microorganism.
- Side effects of SAMe are uncommon, and when they do occur they are usually minor problems such as nausea or digestive upsets.
NCCIH-Funded Research
Current studies supported by the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) are investigating:
- The role of SAMe in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- The possible roles of SAMe and an enzyme involved in its formation for colon cancer.
More To Consider
- Don’t use SAMe to postpone seeing a health care provider about a medical problem.
- Consult your health care provider about using SAMe supplements. If you’re pregnant or nursing a child, if you take medicine or other dietary supplements, if you have bipolar disorder or Parkinson’s disease, if you’re HIV-positive, or if you’re considering giving SAMe to a child, it’s especially important to consult your (or your child’s) health care provider.
- Take charge of your health—talk with your health care providers about any complementary health approaches you use. Together you can make shared, well-informed decisions.
For More Information
NCCIH Clearinghouse
The NCCIH Clearinghouse provides information on NCCIH and complementary and integrative health approaches, including publications and searches of Federal databases of scientific and medical literature. The Clearinghouse does not provide medical advice, treatment recommendations, or referrals to practitioners.
Toll-free in the U.S.: 1-888-644-6226
Telecommunications relay service (TRS): 7-1-1
Website: https://www.nccih.nih.gov
Email: info@nccih.nih.gov (link sends email)
Know the Science
NCCIH and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) provide tools to help you understand the basics and terminology of scientific research so you can make well-informed decisions about your health. Know the Science features a variety of materials, including interactive modules, quizzes, and videos, as well as links to informative content from Federal resources designed to help consumers make sense of health information.
Explaining How Research Works (NIH)
Know the Science: How To Make Sense of a Scientific Journal Article
PubMed®
A service of the National Library of Medicine, PubMed® contains publication information and (in most cases) brief summaries of articles from scientific and medical journals. For guidance from NCCIH on using PubMed, see How To Find Information About Complementary Health Practices on PubMed.
Website: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
NIH Clinical Research Trials and You
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has created a website, NIH Clinical Research Trials and You, to help people learn about clinical trials, why they matter, and how to participate. The site includes questions and answers about clinical trials, guidance on how to find clinical trials through ClinicalTrials.gov and other resources, and stories about the personal experiences of clinical trial participants. Clinical trials are necessary to find better ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases.
Website: https://www.nih.gov/health-information/nih-clinical-research-trials-you
MedlinePlus
To provide resources that help answer health questions, MedlinePlus (a service of the National Library of Medicine) brings together authoritative information from the National Institutes of Health as well as other Government agencies and health-related organizations.
Website: https://www.medlineplus.gov
Key References
- Carpenter DJ. St. John’s wort and S-adenosyl methionine as “natural” alternatives to conventional antidepressants in the era of the suicidality boxed warning: what is the evidence for clinically relevant benefit? Alternative Medicine Review. 2011;16(1):17–39.
- De Silva V, El-Metwally A, Ernst E, et al. Evidence for the efficacy of complementary and alternative medicines in the management of osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Rheumatology. 2011;50(5):911–920.
- Gurung V, Stokes M, Middleton P, et al. Interventions for treating cholestasis in pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013;(6):CD000493 [edited 2014]. Accessed at www.cochranelibrary.com on August 11, 2015.
- Lu SC, Mato JM. S-Adenosylmethionine in liver health, injury, and cancer. Physiological Reviews. 2012;92(4):1515–1542.
- Mato JM, Lu SC. S-Adenosylmethionine. In: Coates PM, Betz JM, Blackman MR, et al., eds. Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements, 2nd ed. New York, NY: Informa Healthcare; 2010.
- Rutjes AWS, Nüesch E, Reichenbach S, et al. S-Adenosylmethionine for osteoarthritis of the knee or hip. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009;(4):CD007321. Accessed at www.cochranelibrary.com on January 27, 2012.
- Sood A, Prasad K, Croghan IT, et al. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) for smoking abstinence: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2012;18(9):854–859.
Acknowledgments
NCCIH thanks Craig Hopp, Ph.D., and David Shurtleff, Ph.D., NCCIH, for reviewing the 2015 update of this fact sheet.
This publication is not copyrighted and is in the public domain. Duplication is encouraged.
NCCIH has provided this material for your information. It is not intended to substitute for the medical expertise and advice of your health care provider(s). We encourage you to discuss any decisions about treatment or care with your health care provider. The mention of any product, service, or therapy is not an endorsement by NCCIH.